Financial Markets and Bank Management Coursework - 1

Budgetary Markets and Bank Management - Coursework Example The organization sells recycled garments in the African markets. Rive Gauche designs to investigate another market opportunity in Asia. The organization intends to fulfill the need in the new market by bringing in more garments from Germany. Rive Gauche Ltd looks for working capital subsidizing through overdraft. The realities point that the organization lean towards meeting the deficiency in its working capital by looking for momentary wellsprings of assets (bank overdraft). On that note, the current overdraft of the organization remains at  £ 90,000. The administration intends to build the overdraft level to  £ 400,000, which is an expansion by  £ 310,000. At the end of the day, the organization is looking for a credit worth  £ 310,000 to meet its working capital needs as it investigates the new market. Working capital is shown up at by the accompanying recipe: working capital = (current resources †current liabilities). The organization depends on its working cash-flow to meet current commitments and run the everyday tasks. Along these lines, is prudent for supervisors to detail and execute increasingly productive working capital administration procedures. The essential explanation for the best system is to guarantee the steady accessibility of adequate degrees of working capital. Rive Gauche Ltd.’s current resources are (stock + obligations + money) = (311,000 + 208,000 + 40,000) =  £ 559,000. Then again, the current liabilities are (loan bosses + different liabilities) = (200,000 + 200,000) =  £ 400,000. In view of the working capital equation, the company’s working capital = (559,000 †400,000) =  £ 159,000. The estimation expresses that Rive Gauche Ltd right now has  £ 159,000 to meet its present commitments. The investigation unmistakably shows th at working capital isn't adequate to cover the current commitments. Thusly, the company’s working capital necessity is resolved as follows: working capital prerequisite = (current obligation †working capital) = (400,000 †159,000) =  £ 241,000 (Bhattacharya 2009, pp).

Using English Essay Writing and Essay Review As a Skill

Using English Essay Writing and Essay Review As a SkillIf you are a student, or a teacher who has the privilege of using essay writing in an English classroom, you may need to practice your writing skills regularly. It is important that you know that practicing makes perfect, and it also makes your work come alive when the class moves on to the next assignment.Here is one great way that can help you keep your writing skills sharp while not forgetting about your studies. This idea is to write the essay first and then go back and review it as it is being read.You could do this with other kinds of writing assignments that you encounter in your studies and language schools. When you have time, you can go through the piece of essay writing that you wrote and look for places where you might need to go back and make changes.There is nothing that you can't find out there, but the thing is that your professor will be taking notes on some parts that you will not be covering when you are done w ith your college-level essays. The idea is to find out what these points are.Then you can review these topics again, before you write about them in your essay, to see if you can iron out the grammar check that you did not notice when you were writing the piece. The grammar check is one of the things that can get you a failing grade, so you want to make sure that you take care of it early on.English course work can be quite challenging, but you can help yourself succeed by practicing. Practice is the best teacher, and English course work and essay writing can be the most difficult part of your studies.Remember that this exercise is one of the ways that you can make your work come alive, and you will be able to use this as a great help. You could write some of your essays and then go back over them, to make sure that you wrote your essay as well as you should have.If you need help with this type of project, then you might want to look for an essay to guide you, or you might want to lo ok for some ideas online. Either way, this is something that you will find a great deal of help with.

How to Write Speech Essay

How to Write Speech EssayHow to write a speech essay? You must know the basics of writing. Many people don't bother to master the fundamentals and as a result, you will find that they are constantly finding excuses as to why they can't write good essays.The great thing about successful writers is that they have mastered the basics. Whether you are writing about your own life, a topic that you have been thinking about for a while, or an assignment that you have been working on for quite some time, you should not have a problem figuring out how to write an essay. In fact, if you think that you cannot write because you don't know how to spell, grammar, or punctuation then you are probably going to be disappointed when you write the first draft.There are many writers who look at their own speech or essay as a project that they cannot put all of their time into. They think that they cannot possibly write the way that they would like to. If this is what you are doing then you need to chang e your mindset. You need to realize that you can improve your skills by writing speeches and essays on a regular basis.Your time is valuable and it is only available to you when you want it. That means that when you have a few minutes free you should be thinking about how to write a speech essay. By taking advantage of the time that you have available to you, you will be able to write a speech or essay that really impress your audience.Writing is the art of creating something of worth to someone else. By writing essays or speeches you will learn the fundamentals of writing. Even if you are not very good at it, you will find that by becoming better at it you will be able to make more money because of the skills that you will develop.Speech writing can be difficult. Some people believe that it is because they do not have enough information and knowledge to write well. This is only a small part of the problem.The other part of the problem is that people fail to recognize that the most important part of learning how to write a speech essay is learning the fundamentals. Sometimes you will encounter people who believe that it is their education that will help them in this field. Once again, this is only a small part of the problem.So, if you are looking for ways to learn how to write a speech essay then there are many resources available online that will help you get started. The best thing to do is take advantage of the free information that is available. The more you read and understand the more likely you are to get ideas and inspiration that will help you understand how to write a good speech or essay.

The Code Of Ethics For Nurses Essay - 1163 Words

Clinical investigators frequently study individuals who are less than ideal individuals. Oncologists study patients with tumors and cancers to find out best treatment modalities; psychiatrists study individuals who have behavioral problems and test effectivity of a particular medication or therapy; Drug companies perform clinical trials on their medicines. The researchers cannot do much in order to improve the circumstances of their subjects, short of finding new treatments for their conditions that affect them. Sometimes, researchers study individuals who are less than ideal, but remediable conditions. These studies press the question of when it is acceptable for researchers to study rather than assist individuals. It is stated that the second provision of the code of ethics for nurses that the â€Å"nurse’s primary commitment is to the patient, whether an individual, family, group, community, or population† (American Nurses Association, 2001, p. 10). This is likewise supported by Fouka and Mantzorou (2011) when they emphasized that it is the nature of nursing to take care and to prevent harm to human beings (p. 3). But in the pursuit of improving quality care and or finding treatment for diseases, research has to be done which unfortunately deals with human subjects. According to Polit and Beck (2017), â€Å"when humans are used for research, care must be exercised to ensure that their rights are protected (p. 137). However, as in the case of highly publicizedShow MoreRelatedCode Of Ethics For Nurses1274 Words   |  6 PagesCode of Ethics for Nurses In the nursing profession, nurses often find ethical reasoning that not only evaluates actions and their results, but also questions why we perceive certain incidences to be paramount for us as humans. Ethics attempts to decide how actions are deemed right or wrong. The Code of ethics, which is a set of guidelines published by the International Council of Nurses, helps direct nurses in everyday decisions and it defends their refusal to take part in events that disagree withRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics For Nurses1110 Words   |  5 Pagesethical principles. The duties of a nurse consist of care and support and its important that nurses are aware of their professional ethics. These principles are put into place to uphold and maintain moral values in healthcare. The American Nurses Association (ANA) code of ethics for nurses consists of nine provisions, outlined in the Code of Ethics for nurses with Interpretive Statements. These provisions are constructed to blueprint the role and resp onsibilities of a nurse. The chosen provisions beingRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics For Nurses Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Code of Ethics for Nurses Ethical moral values are the fabric of human behavior. Nursing values influence nurses actions and goals. The nursing code of ethics was adopted in order to determine and define ethical values for nurses. Human dignity, privacy, justice, autonomy in decision making, commitment, loyalty, human relationship, compassion, fairness, responsibility, honesty and individual and professional competence are considered an integral part of the nursing profession. Nurses as membersRead MoreCode Of Ethics For Nurses1614 Words   |  7 PagesCode of Ethics for Nurses The American Nurses Association (ANA) established the code of ethics for nurses to serve as a foundation for practice and nursing standards. Nurses that enter the field are educated on the code of ethics and its provisions that make up the balanced foundation that is used to this day. The code of ethics is to be honored by every nurse, and every nurse should know their ethical obligation to their patients (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2015). This approach encompassesRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics For Nurses1082 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The code of ethics for nurses provides a framework on ethical principles that nurses are supposed to follow while providing patient care. Under this code, nurses are not allowed to pry into information on patients not directly under their care, and they could not share any patient information to individuals who are not privileged to know such information. (American Nurses Association, 2015). Ethical issues related to electronic health records (EHRs) are extremely beneficial toRead MoreCode Of Ethics For Nurses1114 Words   |  5 Pages Professional Code of Conduct Fadrique R. Charlot Nova Southeastern University Professional Code of Conduct Health professionals hold the commitment of providing quality health care to the society in order to fulfil the health concerns of the general population presented daily. Hence, health care practices are established on ethical principles concerning the life and health of human being accordingly. Its values place all obligation in which patients are protected from harm andRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics For Nurses854 Words   |  4 PagesTruth-telling is an important issue within the nurse-patient relationship. Nurses make decisions on a daily basis regarding what information to tell patients. The specific issue in question is whether a nurse should abide by the Code of Ethics for Nurses by revealing the truth to the patient or refrain from telling the truth to the patient because they are respecting the wishes of the patient’s family. Nurses and health care professionals should always tell the truth to their patients unless theRead MoreCode Of Ethics For Nurses1331 Words   |  6 PagesCode of Ethics for Nurses 1. Introduction- Explain your knowledge of this business profession. Why did I choose nursing? At the age of 43 I am back in school to further my education in the health field in nursing. Am I doing it to make a difference in the world or as a longstanding career? To be a nurse, it takes a special type of person that has extraordinary personal qualities and traits. A good nurse should have compassion, respect, and the need and want to help others. Therefore be sensitiveRead MoreThe Nurse s Code Of Ethics1022 Words   |  5 Pageshas a code of ethics, that sets standards and guidelines that are set in place to protect both the professional and the client. Ethics play a key role in day to day business. This paper will discuss the nurse’s code of ethics, the advantages and disadvantages, and difficulties that the author may have following the established code. This paper will also discuss whether or not there are rules that have too much emphasis on them, and rules that do not. The nurse’s code of ethics was draftedRead MoreCode of Ethics for Nurses Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: SYSTEM OF INQUIRY PAPER System of Inquiry Paper Wendell A. Garcia University of Phoenix March 18, 2008 American Nurses Association’s Code of Ethics for Nurses Ethics is an integral part of the foundation of nursing. Nursing has a distinguished history of concern for the welfare of the sick, injured, and vulnerable and for social justice. This concern is embodied in the provision of nursing care to individuals and the community. Nursing encompasses the prevention of

The Hero Essay - 2175 Words

The Hero nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Zorro, Lassie, Hercules, and Beowulf all have something in common, they are all considered hero’s. It does not matter if the hero is a man, woman, animal or an intimate object that springs to life. It does not matter where the hero comes from or how old he or she is. The only thing that a hero needs to do to be a hero, according to Joseph Campbell, is follows a predefined path of a hero and have some common characteristics of one, too. Joseph Campbell in one of the most knowledgeable people on the subject of a hero. According to Joseph Campbell many hero’s have completed the same deed over and over again throughout history. He points out that a hero is not limited to one†¦show more content†¦Each monster possesses strength and powers beyond the range of any human. The hero himself bring a mystical quality to the story by also possessing strength beyond the range of any other human. The story even possesses a mystical because of a sword that is in it. The sword that Beowulf fights Grendel’s Mother with is stronger than any sword ever made by man because is forged by giants. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;For a hero to be a hero he has to possess certain characteristics which make him one. One of these characteristics is doing something beyond the normal range of a human. Beowulf does this each time that he fights a monster. When Beowulf fights Grendel it says that while the two were struggling Grendel â€Å"Knew at once that nowehere on earth/Had he met a man whose hands were harder†(Raffel 46). A monster that no other man could fight before with weapons and win, Beowulf fought without any weapon and won. When Beowulf fought Grendel’s Mother, he goes into a lake that no other man has ever went into before and came out alive. While in the cave under the lake Beowulf fight a battle with a sword forged by giants that no other man could lift and wins that battle, too. Beowulf carries the head of Grendel, which was in the cave with his mother, back to his men by himself. It takes four of his fellow warriors to carry the head of Grendel that Beowulf carried by himself. Finally when Beowulf isShow MoreRelatedThe Hero As A Hero1529 Words   |  7 PagesWhen the term â€Å"Hero† is brought up, many people will have a different definition of it. According to website dictionary.com, the real definition of a ‘hero’ is â€Å"a person noted for courageous acts or nobility of character; and a person who, in the opinion of others, has special achievements, abilities, or personal qualities and is regarded as a role model or ideal.† Nowadays, the word â€Å"hero† can be associated with literally anyone. Heroism can be associated such as famous people, fictional charactersRead MoreThe Hero As A Hero1009 Words   |  5 PagesI could never fully understand what the title hero represents. It is very confusing thinking about a definition of the word hero. Growing up I had a lot of heroes. My favorites heroes changed as I was growing older. As a kid, Superman was my favorite hero. He could fly, stop bullets, he had laser eyes, and see through walls. It was exciting. When I grow older, John McClane was my hero. He will stop terrorist all by himself, risking everything that he got just to save the people he cares about. ItRead MoreThe Hero Of A Hero907 Words   |  4 Pagesexemplifying a hero developed into something everyone longed to do. This ambition remains today. However, obtaining a hero-like persona constitutes much more than saving a cat from a tree or helping an elderly woman cross the street. A hero not only affects the direct person in need of help, but the many around as well. In order to have the classification of a hero, one must adopt a courageous, determined, selfless, and inspiring attitude while also attaining an opportunity to show heroism. A hero must manifestRead MoreA Hero As A Hero889 Words   |  4 Pages Anyone can be a hero, even you! A hero does not have to be someone with powers or a costume. A hero is someone or something that you can look up to or admire. All heroes are not perfect, and they can make mistakes as would a regular human. There is a difference though because heroes have the enormous responsibility. They are always being signaled, and they are always expected to do the right thing. Heroes are many times forced to test their character which leads them to realize their potentialRead MoreA Hero : The Characteristics Of A Hero820 Words   |  4 Pagesa firefighter and policemen can be a hero. Firefighters and policemen are strong and courageous. They risk their lives just to save and protect an everyday stranger. That is what a hero does. Being a hero does not require having super strength or need to read minds, but being a hero does require certain qualities that make a hero. One of those qualiti es is being a leader and also being courageous. Since leadership and courage are two necessary traits of a hero, heroes are usually not weak but strongRead MoreBeowulf : A Hero Or Hero?1092 Words   |  5 PagesCole Jackson Miss Sibbach Honors English IV 10 December, 2014 To Be a Hero, or To Not Be a Hero Countless people have tried to say that Beowulf represents the qualities required of an epic hero, but many people also suggest that Beowulf does not show any of these qualities. While Beowulf shows heroic characteristics in all of his acts, both pride and greed motivate his actions. The story of Beowulf contains all of the information needed to show this, but people do not notice that which they do notRead MoreA Hero Is An Epic Hero1997 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å" A hero is an ordinary individual who finds the strength to persevere and endure in spite of overwhelming obstacles†(Reeve, Christopher). Every culture in country across the world has their own ideals for what a proper hero should be. Most will say a hero must have these core values compassion, bravery, strength, humility, and integrity. However a person does not always have to possess they traits to be considered a hero. An example of this is an epic hero, these heroes only exist in stories andRead MoreWhat Makes A Hero Or Hero?812 Words   |  4 Pagesthat man may be, in essence, a hero. Because of this stereotypical â€Å"hero†, we do not see the real heroes in life. What really IS a hero or heroine? A hero is what we make of them, although some are undeserving of this title. We make a hero. You, me, society; we all make heroes. We give them this title. Heroes are role models, and role models, in my eyes, should possess three very significant qualities. Courage, humbleness, and morality; these form a hero. The classic hero. Ah, he’s brave and bold. HeRead MoreA Hero Essay : The Meaning Of A Hero701 Words   |  3 PagesThe Meaning Of A Hero â€Å"We’re the heroes of our time. But we’re dancing with the demons in our minds.† What is it that they see in me, I ask. But maybe it’s not what they see in you, but what you are. Being a hero is what comes to you, what changes you, to become a better person and how you change other people in the process of becoming a better person. Being a hero is about what you change in yourself, for the good of other people. A hero is not something you compare to a normal person. NormalRead MoreA Hero : A Comparison Of The Hero Of Beowulf884 Words   |  4 Pagesof one of the early heroes written about. But what is a hero? The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines a hero as: an object of extreme admiration and devotion; a mythological or legendary figure often of divine descent endowed with great strength or ability. Beowulf has many of these characteristics including great strength, and is portrayed as a legendary figure by those who look up to him. Through the entire poem, he is the epitome of a hero and displays many heroic qualities. In the poem, it states:

Essay about Tom Sawyer vs Huck Finn - 919 Words

Even though Tom Sawyer might be â€Å"civilized† and a socially accepted boy, Huck is a better person because he knows that slavery is wrong and he is more rational and reasonable. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain shows this many different situations in which the uncivilized person, Huck, is actually the civilized person, and also is more of a realistic and reasonable. One example of how Huck is more of a realistic person is when they form a gang and are going to rob a large caravan that is supposed pass by; when in reality they were going to rob a Sunday school. They are at a cave in St. Petersburg, Missouri. This took place by a cave after Huck leaves the Widow’s home to meet up with Tom. This supports the thesis†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"He could not be exhibited in any amorous encounters or engagements, in any of the juvenile affections which are appropriate to Tom Sawyer (Elliot pg.7).† This is from T.S Elliot’s introduction to the book and it also supports the thesis, because it involves showing his childish side, of how he wants to do everything he reads Also Tom is uncivilized because of the way he accepts slavery, and how he is so stuck in the world of back then and how they treated slaves as property more than the human beings that they were. It was wrong and we all know it, but the thing was that since Tom was â€Å"educated† it was taught to him that slave holding was right and that and he should treat them as they were treated because they were seen as property. This is shown, but not as much, when he plays a trick on Jim, Miss Watson’s slave, by putting his hat on a tree limb when he was asleep, in the widow’s back yard, at night after Huck sneaks out to meet with Tom. At the time Huck thought is was funny to , but deep down inside and after remembering the moment he knew that it wasn’t the nicest thing that you could do to a person like that. Huck states â€Å"Tom said that he slipped off Jim’s hat and hung it on a limb over his head†¦ (Twain pg. 19).† This is the quote from the book, and after the incidence, Jim would sayShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1728 Words   |  7 PagesAdventures of Huckleberry Finn Despite being banned in many public schools, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, has been cherished throughout American society for many decades due to the it’s clever characters, absorbing storytelling, and engaging plotline. There are three reasons in which I am led to believe that it is the quintessential American classic novel; these three reasons include the explicit detail of racial differences during this time frame, the faultless self vs. self conflict, and theRead MoreHuckleberry Finn: Realism vs. Romanticism1010 Words   |  5 PagesHuckleberry Finn: Realism vs. Romanticism The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, written by Mark Twain, mainly takes place on the Mississippi River, as Huck and Jim pursue their freedom. They persevere through many obstacles and learn life lessons along the way. Twain uses these characters to depict the significance of friendship over societys moral structure. He demonstrates characteristics of both Romanticism and Realism in his novel to express his ideas of that time period. Romanticism is basedRead MoreHuckleberry Finn : American Literature And Culture1622 Words   |  7 Pagesthemselves, based on honorable values. Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer are the first kids depicted in American literature, and through them, Mark Twain develops the concept of kid, by having them participate in comical manipulation and deception. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has two principal lies, imaginative lying and deceitful lying. Lying and deceit are central themes Twain uses to develop the blueprint of a child. Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Fi nn, and the King and Duke involve themselves in comicalRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1081 Words   |  5 PagesFinal Huck Finn grew up in an abusive home in which he has no control over. Huck does not wish to ever go back to such a hell since one knows about such a man to do such harsh things. You’re self-wellness by in which you grew upon throughout the years has turned you into the person you are today. The people you’ve been around, the friends you’ve made, and even the enemies you’ve made have made you who you are today. Huck Finn is like you in such a way. Always trying to figure what’s right and what’sRead MoreMark Twains Huckleberry Finn Essay1708 Words   |  7 PagesMark Twains Huckleberry Finn The novel is set in the 1930s in St. Petersburg, a fictitious place supposedly reminiscent of the town of Hannibal, Missouri the place where Mark Twain grew up. It follows the events in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, also of the same author. CHARACTERS Huck Finn. Huckleberry Finn or Huck Fin is the protagonist of the story. A dynamic character, he is a liar and sometimes a thief. In Tom Sawyers book, he is a vagabond with a drunkard father. In this bookRead MoreThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn800 Words   |  4 Pages The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is an action-packed adventure about Huckleberry Finn, an extraordinary young boy growing up along the Mississippi River. The author, Mark Twain, established rigid conflict and left his readers in disbelief over some of the occurrences in the book. All adventure long, Huck and his comrades must adapt to keep their dreams alive. Huck becomes a better person from experiencing all the hardships that he endured, whether it is being thankful for his friends or becomingRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn4280 Words   |  18 PagesNadeem Sbaiti Mrs. Greenlee HN ENG III 1, June 2015 Independent Novel Project The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Knowledge Significance Of Title The title The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn seems to be very self-explanatory of the significance hence the name. Furthermore after further review and thought I have realized there is a deeper meaning than just that of Huckleberry Finn. When the book first begins it is showing the start of the young boys band of robbers and it leads you to believe theRead MoreEssay on Huck Finn2499 Words   |  10 Pages Throughout the Mark Twain (a.k.a. Samuel Clemens) novel, The Adventures of HuckleBerry Finn, a plain and striking point of view is expressed by the author. His point of view is that of a cynic; he looks upon civilized man as a merciless, cowardly, hypocritical savage, without want of change, nor ability to effect such change. Thus, one of Mark Twains main purposes in producing this work seems clear: he wishes to bring to attention some of mans often concealed shortcomings. While the examplesRead MoreTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn Ch959 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Chapters 1-5 (1-V) pages 1-17: Status Quo and Conformity: Civilizing Huck 1. How and why does Twain establish Huck’s voice as storyteller? What do we learn about Huck from what he reveals of other characters’ assessments of him? 2. Make two columns, listing Huck’s clear likes and dislikes as he reveals them in these chapters. What things does he have trouble understanding? 3. What are Huck’s feelings about his adoption by the Widow Douglas and her sister, Miss Watson? As a motherless boy, doesRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain2087 Words   |  9 PagesHuckleberry Finn vs. Society INTRODUCTION The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, presents a human vs. society conflict. The main character, Huck, is raised without any structure. He has no rules, no discipline and strongly rebelled against anything that could civilize him. Through the novel, the audience sees Huck try to be civilized by society. Because of this conflict, we are introduced to many characters throughout the narrative. Mark Twain being a very descriptive writer uses a ton

Immigration in Us free essay sample

American immigration history can be viewed in four epochs: the colonial period, post-1965, the mid-19th century, and the start of the 20th century. Each period brought distinct national groups, races and ethnicities to the United States. During the 17th century, approximately 175,000 Englishmen migrated to Colonial America. Over half of all European immigrants to Colonial America during the 17th and 18th centuries arrived as indentured servants. The mid-19th century saw mainly an influx from northern Europe; the early 20th-century mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe; post-1965 mostly from Latin America and Asia. History The history of immigration to the United States is a continuing story of peoples from more populated continents, particularly Europe and also Africa and Asia, crossing oceans to the new land. Historians do not treat the first indigenous settlers as immigrants. Starting around 1600 British and other Europeans settled primarily on the east coast. Later Africans were brought as slaves. We will write a custom essay sample on Immigration in Us or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During the nations history, the growing country experienced successive waves of immigration which rose and fell over time, particularly from Europe, with the cost of transoceanic transportation sometimes paid by travelers becoming indentured servants after their arrival in the New World. At other times, immigration rules became more restrictive. With the ending of numerical restrictions in 1965 and the advent of cheap air travel immigration has increased from Asia and Latin America. Colonial era 1600-1775 The first, and longest, era from 1607 to 1775 brought European immigrants (primarily those of British, German and Dutch descent) and African slaves. British By far the largest group of new arrivals comprised the British. They were not exactly immigrants for they remained within the British Empire. Over 90% became farmers. Large numbers of young men and women came alone, as indentured servants. Their passage was paid by employers in the colonies who needed help on the farms, or shops. They were provided food, housing, clothing and training but did not receive wages. At the end of the indenture (usually around age 21) they were free to marry and start their own farm Chesapeake The first successful English colony started in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia. Once tobacco was found to be a profitable crop, many plantations were established along the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia and Maryland. New England A few hundred English Pilgrims, seeking their religious freedom in the New World, established a small settlement near Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620. Tens of thousands of English Puritans came to Boston, Massachusetts and adjacent areas from about 1629 to 1640 to create a land dedicated to their religion . The earliest New England colonies of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and New Hampshire were established along the northeast coast. Large scale immigration to this region ended before 1700, but a small steady trickle of later arrivals continued. The peak New England settlement occurred from about 1629 to about 1641 when about 20,000 Puritan settlers arrived mostly from the East Anglian parts of England (Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Kent, and East Sussex). In the next 150 years, their Yankee descendants largely filled in the New England states and parts of upstate New York. Dutch The Dutch established settlements along the Hudson River in New York starting about 1626. Wealthy Dutch patroons set up large landed estates along the Hudson River and brought in farmers who became renters. Others established rich trading posts for trading with the Indians and started cities such as New Amsterdam (now New York City) and Albany, New York. After the British took over and renamed the colony New York, Germans (from the Palatine) and Yankees (from New England) began arriving. Middle colonies New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware formed the middle colonies. Pennsylvania was settled by Quakers from Britain, followed by Scotch Irish from Ulster (Northern Ireland) on the frontier and numerous German Protestant sects, including the German Palatines. The earlier colony of New Sweden had small settlements on the lower Delaware River, with immigrants of Swedes and Finns. These colonies were absorbed by 1676 Immigration 1790 to 1849 There was relatively little immigration from 1770 to 1830; indeed there was significant emigration to Canada, including about 75,000 Loyalists as well as Germans and other looking for better farms in what is now Ontario. Large scale immigration resumed in the 1830s from Britain, Ireland, Germany and other parts of Central Europe as well as Scandinavia. Most were attracted by the cheap farm land. Some were artisans and skilled factory workers attracted by the first stage of industrialization. The Irish Catholics were unskilled workers who built most of the canals and railroads, and settled in urban areas. Many Irish went to the emerging textile mill towns of the Northeast, while others became longshoremen in the growing Atlantic and Gulf port cities. Half the Germans headed to farms, especially in the Midwest (with some to Texas), while the other half became craftsmen in urban areas. Immigration 1850 to 1930 Between 1850 and 1930, about 5 million Germans immigrated to the United States with a peak in the years between 1881 and 1885, when a million Germans left Germany and settled mostly in the Midwest. Between 1820 and 1930, 3. 5 million British and 4. 5 million Irish entered America. Before 1845 most Irish immigrants were Protestants. After 1845, Irish Catholics began arriving in large numbers, largely driven by the Great Famine. 27] After 1870 steam powered larger and faster ships, with lower fares. Meanwhile farming improvements in southern Europe and the Russian Empire created surplus populations that needed to move on. As usual, young people age 15 to 30 predominated among the newcomers. This wave of migration, which constituted the third episode in the history of U. S. immigration, could better be referred to as a flood of immigrants, as nearly 25 million Europeans made the voyage. Italians, Greeks, Hungarians, Poles, and others speaking Slavic languages constituted the bulk of this migration. Included among them were 2. 5 to 4 million Jews. Immigration 1930 to 2000 Restriction proceeded piecemeal over the course of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but immediately after the end of World War I (1914–1918) and into the early 1920s, Congress did change the nations basic policy about immigration. The National Origins Formula of 1921 (and its final form in 1924) not only restricted the number of immigrants who might enter the United States but also assigned slots according to quotas based on national origins. A complicated piece of legislation, it essentially gave preference to immigrants from central, northern and western Europe, severely limited the numbers from Russia and southern Europe, and declared all potential immigrants from Asia to be unworthy of entry into the United States. Immigration summary since 1830 The top ten countries of birth of the foreign born population in the U. S. since 1830, according to the U. S. Census, are shown below. Blank entries mean that the country did not make it into the top ten for that census, and not that there are no data from that census. The 1830 numbers are from immigration statistics as listed in the 2004 Year Book of Immigration Statistics. *The 1830 numbers list un-naturalized foreign citizens in 1830 and does not include naturalized foreign born. The 1850 census is the first census that asks for place of birth. The historical census data can be found online in the Virginia Library Geostat Center Population numbers are in thousands. Country/Year| 1830*| 1850| 1880| 1900| 1930| 1960| 1970| 1980| 1990| 2000| Austria| | | | | | 305| 214| | | | Bohemia| | | 85| | | | | | | | Canada| 2| 148| 717| 1,180| 1,310| 953| 812| 843| 745| 678| China| | | 104| | | | | | | 1,391| Cuba| | | | | | | 439| 608| 737| 952| Czechoslovakia| | | | | 492| | | | | | Dominican Republic| | | | | | | | | | 692| El Salvador| | | | | | | | | | 765| France| 9| 54| 107| | | | | | | | Germany| 8| 584| 1,967| 2,663| 1,609| 990| 833| 849| 712| | Hungary| | | | | | 245| | | | | India| | | | | | | | | | 2,000| Ireland| 54| 962| 1,855| 1,615| 745| 339| | | | | Italy| | | | 484| 1,790| 1,257| 1,009| 832| 581| | Korea| | | | | | | | 0| 0| 0| Mexico| 11| 13| | | 641| 576| 760| 2,199| 4,298| 7,841| Netherlands| 1| 10| | | | | | | | | Norway| | 13| 182| 336| | | | | | | Pakistan| | | | | | | | | | 724| Philippines| | | | | | | | 501| 913| 1,222| Poland| | | | | 1,269| 748| 548| 418| | | Russia/Soviet Union| | | | 424| 1,154| 691| 463| 406| | | Sweden| | | 194| 582| 595| | | | | | Switzerland| 3| 13| 89| | | | | | | | United Kingdom| 27| 379| 918| 1,168| 1,403| 833| 686| 669| 640| | Vietnam| | | | | | | | | 543| 863| Total Foreign Born| 108*| 2,244| 6,679| 10,341| 14,204| 10,347| 9,619| 14,079| 19,763| 31,100| % Foreign Born| 0. 8%*| 9. 7%| 13. 3%| 13. 6%| 11. 6%| 5. 8%| 4. 7%| 6. 2%| 7. 9%| 11. %| Native Born| 12,677| 20,947| 43,476| 65,653| 108,571| 168,978| 193,591| 212,466| 228,946| 250,321| % Native Born| 99. 2%| 90. 3%| 86. 7%| 86. 4%| 88. 4%| 94. 2%| 95. 3%| 94%| 92. 1%| 88. 9%| Total Population| 12,785| 23,191| 50,155| 75,994| 122,775| 179,325| 203,210| 226,545| 248,709| 281,421| | 1830| 1850| 1880| 1900| 1930| 1960| 1970| 1980| 1990| 2000| Effects of immigration Demographics The Census Bureau estimates the US population will grow from 281 million in 2000 to 397 million in 2050 with immigration, but only to 328 million with no immigration. A new report from the Pew Research Center projects that by 2050, non-Hispanic whites will account for 47% of the population, down from the 2005 figure of 67%. Non-Hispanic whites made up 85% of the population in 1960. It also foresees the Hispanic population rising from 14% in 2005 to 29% by 2050. The Asian population is expected to more than triple by 2050. Overall, the population of the United States is due to rise from 296 million in 2005 to 438 million in 2050, with 82% of the increase from immigrant. In 35 of the countrys 50 largest cities, non-Hispanic whites were at the last census or are predicted to be in the minority. In California, non-Hispanic whites slipped from 80% of the states population in 1970 to 42. 3% in 2008. Economic In a late 1980s study, economists overwhelmingly viewed immigration, including illegal immigration, as a positive for the economy. [87] According to James Smith, a senior economist at Santa Monica-based RAND Corporation and lead author of the United States National Research Councils study The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, immigrants contribute as much as $10 billion to the U. S. economy each year. [88] The NRC report found that although immigrants, especially those from Latin America, caused a net loss in terms of taxes paid versus social services received, immigration can provide an overall gain to the domestic economy due to an increase in pay for higher-skilled workers, lower prices for goods and services produced by immigrant labor, and more efficiency and lower wages for some owners of capital. The report also notes that although immigrant workers compete with domestic workers for low-skilled jobs, some immigrants specialize in activities that otherwise would not exist in an area, and thus can be beneficial for all domestic residents. Religious diversity Immigration from South Asia and elsewhere has contributed to enlarging the religious composition of the United States. Islam in the United States is growing mainly due to immigration. Hinduism in the United States, Buddhism in the United States, and Sikhism in the United States are other examples. Political A Boston Globe article attributed Barack Obama’s win in the 2008 U. S. Presidential election to a marked reduction over the preceding decades in the percentage of whites in the American electorate, attributing this demographic change to the Immigration Act of 1965. The article quoted Simon Rosenberg, president and founder of the New Democrat Network, as having said that the Act is the most important piece of legislation that no one’s ever heard of, and that it set America on a very different emographic course than the previous 300 years. Immigrants differ on their political views; however, the Democratic Party is considered to be in a far stronger position among immigrants overall. Research shows that religious affiliation can also significantly impact both their social values and voting patterns of immigrants, as well as the broader American population. Hispanic evangelicals, for example, are more strongly conservative than non-Hispanic evangelicals. This trend is often similar for Hispanics or others strongly identifying with the Catholic Church, a religion that strongly opposes abortion and gay marriage. Environment Some commentators have suggested that increased immigration has a negative effect on the environment, especially as the level of economic development of the United States (and by extension, its energy, water and other needs that underpin its prosperity) means that the impact of a larger population is greater than what would be experienced in other countries Immigration in popular culture The history of immigration to the United States is the history of the country itself, and the journey from beyond the sea is an element found in American folklore, appearing over and over again in everything from The Godfather to Gangs of New York to The Song of Myself to Neil Diamonds America to the animated feature An American Tail. From the 1880s to the 1910s, vaudeville dominated the popular image of immigrants, with very popular caricature portrayals of ethnic groups. The specific features of these caricatures became widely accepted as accurate portrayals. In The Melting Pot (1908), playwright Israel Zangwill (1864–1926) explored issues that dominated Progressive Era debates about immigration policies. Zangwills theme of the positive benefits of the American melting pot resonated widely in popular culture and literary and academic circles in the 20th century; his cultural symbolism – in which he situated immigration issues – likewise informed American cultural imagining of immigrants for decades, as exemplified by Hollywood films. Immigration in literature Novelists and writers have captured much of the color and challenge in their immigrant lives through their writings. Regarding Irish women in the 19th century, there were numerous novels and short stories by Harvey OHiggins, Peter McCorry, Bernard OReilly and Sarah Orne Jewett that emphasize emancipation from Old World controls, new opportunities and expansiveness of the immigrant experience. On the other hand Hladnik studies three popular novels of the late 19th century that warned Slovenes not to immigrate to the dangerous new world of the United States. [