Racism Is Defined As Discrimination Against Someone Of A...

Racism is defined as discrimination against someone of a different race based on the beliefs that one’s own race is superior (Oxford Dictionary). Racism has existed since the beginning of time, coming to light during slavery in the sixteenth century and the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960’s. However, racism is still prevalent in today’s society and is a topic that needs to be further addressed and discussed. According to the article, â€Å"Slavery in America† on the website History, slavery began in 1619 when the first African slaves were brought to the colony of Jamestown in Virginia. Slavery then soon spread all over the United States, especially to the Southern states. In a period of four centuries, ten million slaves were taken from their villages and brought to the New World. Most slaves lived in small farms or plantations and worked in horrible conditions. They were prohibited from learning how to read, were starved, brutally punished, and ma ny were victims of sexual assault and early death. The white person’s approach to slavery led to the racist attitude that African Americans are inferior based on the color of their skin. Instead of being treated like human beings, slaves were considered possessions that could be traded and worked to death. In chapter six, â€Å"God Who Breaks Chains,† in the book Quest for the Living God, the author, Elizabeth Johnson addresses how slaves used Christianity as a way to struggle for freedom. Slave master’s taught Christianity as aShow MoreRelatedDefinition Essay On Racism1005 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout society, the definition of racism varies drastically. Some people would define it as its definition, one race against another, then there are the other uninformed members of society who would define it as blacks against whites, but in all reality it’s any race against another. Though racism is usually defined as antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that ones own race is superior, this definition would mean one race hating another, a more accurateRead MoreSocial Construction Of Race And Gender1529 Words   |  7 PagesConstruction of Race and Gender, Patriarchy and Prejudice and Discrimination in the Society Social construct may be defined as the social mechanism or a category which has been created by the society. It may either be a perception which is created by an individual or an idea which is constructed as a result of the culture. The present society has created a large number of constructs which are not good. In this paper, the discussion will be done on the social construction of race and gender andRead MoreRacism Is An Epidemic That Has Occurred Throughout History1206 Words   |  5 PagesRacism is an epidemic that has occurred throughout history. Racism is when patterns of discrimination towards a certain race are established and perceived as normal throughout an entire culture. It is not one person from a certain race discriminating another person from another race, but rather an entire population operating in a social structure that makes it difficult for a person not to discriminate. People of color have been oppressed because of their race/ethnicity by those who have held theRead MoreHas Dr. Martin Luther Kings Dream Become Reality?870 Words   |  4 Pagesschools with white students, they can all eat in the same restaurants together, and some even marry one another. Discrimination is kept out of school and communities so the children of today are able to have better lives. Outwardly, MLKs dream was that everyone could be treated equally. On the other hand, in our society there are countless numbers of different ongoing situations, in which racism is a still a reality. In Martin Luther King, Jr.s speech, I Have A Dream he states, Now is the time toRead MoreRacism And Racism Essay986 Words   |  4 Pagessimilarities between sexism and racism. Sexism occurs when a person’s gender or sex is used as the basis for discriminating. Females are more susceptible to sexism although males are also susceptible. Sexual harassment and rape are examples of extreme cases of sexism. Racism occurs when people of a particular race or ethnicity are discriminated against or made to feel inferior. The primary outcome of the paper after comparison is to determine most dehumanizing act between racism and sexism. The first similarityRead MoreSocial Forces Of The Holocaust1534 Words   |  7 Pageswhich Jews experienced discrimination. Out of nine million Jews that were living in Germany, over half of them were killed in the Holocaust. All the Jews that were killed were killed because of prejudice and discrimination against them. An event as traumatic and massive as the Holocaust has no choice but to affect the country of Germany. Reiner and his mother’s views are extremely different. Reiner and his mother disagree about the fact that Germany should rid itself of racism. Reiner believes thatRead MoreRacism : Racism And Prejudice Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pageslearned about many things, one in particular would be Racism. We have learned about many different types of racism along with examples of racism. Before I go into specific examples of racism that I have learn about in this class, I will first define and explain the differences between racism, prejudice or also known as bias, discrimination, race, and racist so there s a clear understanding of why I picked the specific examples. The definition of racism that we learned in class would be an â€Å"InstitutionalizedRead MoreRacism : A Social Problem1677 Words   |  7 PagesRacism: A Social Problem Explanations that justify the use of racism directly relates to differential treatment of minority groups and contributes to racism’s existence as an unstoppable social problem. The foundations of these explanations are based on the common misunderstanding of the definition of race. Thus, problems that tend to concentrate in one race are mistakenly judged as â€Å"race problems†. This judgement leads to the establishment of a system of inequality between a superior race and inferiorRead MoreThe Hardships of Following Your Dreams and Immigration1404 Words   |  6 PagesA New White Race As an immigrant and divorce mother of two who comes to a foreign country pursuing a better future for my kids, I ignored the complexity of the factors that are required to fulfill my dreams. Moving from a socialistic culture to an individualistic one, being the last one, the culture that my kids are more likely to adopt I realized the importance to build a solid family, and I started looking for possible factors that might give me a clear view on how to achieve my quest. The firstRead MoreRacisim in the World We Live In753 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is racism in the world that we live in? Racism as we know it dates back to ancient times. In the society that we live in today racism is defined as a person that believes a certain human race is superior to any or all others. When someone treats another race with inferiority it causes people to be unequal. Whether it is the difference in skin color or culture racism has affected the world in thousands of ways and for thousands of years. Our ancestors have gone through the question of what makes

A First Aid Station At A University Football Game - 872 Words

I was volunteering at a first aid station at a university football game when I got the call. A woman had collapsed and was in ventricular tachycardia. As I reached out to take over chest compressions, my heart raced as fast as my thoughts. What had started out as just another day providing service for the community had suddenly taken a life or death turn. I am often asked why I want to become a physician. My fascination with medicine and the human body began when I was young; I shadowed a heart transplant surgeon in junior high and I was astonished at how even modern medicine with decades-trained physicians and staff could only attempt to control the human heartbeat– the very heartbeat that so many human beings so frequently go without noticing and appreciating. Even with this fascination, I still did not know how to express my passion for medicine until that Saturday morning. As the woman was pushed into the ambulance, I realized there was so much about her that I still wanted to know. It was then that I finally found the words to describe my aspiration to become a physician: I desire to work with patients during their brightest and darkest hours, providing compassionate care when they need it the most. There are many occupations in which one can help others, but working as a physician allows a special connection to a person in a time when he or she is in the most need. I have had many experiences working with vulnerable patients throughout my undergraduate career. I’veShow MoreRelatedShould College Athletes Be Paid?1739 Words   |  7 Pagesthe past. Knowing a former athlete one might say that most people do not realize the pressure and stress college athletes face every day. College athletes, being the size they are today, make a more high risk of injury. They play a great role in university revenues depending on their performance. Sports also play a great role in our economy such as the NFL, NBA, MLB, and the NH which are professional sports that are allowed to receive a set paid salary rate making millions each year, doing the sameRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid? Essay1739 Words   |  7 PagesDivision III conferences. Its sole purpose is to protect student -athletes on and off the field, and regulate all games and scholarships affiliated with the students. Right now there are 1,121 colleges and universities under the NCAA (NCAA, n.d.), leaving a chunk of schools out—those who do not participate in Division I, II, or III conferences. Since an immense amount of colleges and universities are associated with the NCAA, this organization plays a significant role in regulating college sports. WithinRead MoreWhat Do I See Myself Doing When I Get Out Of College?1221 Words   |  5 Pagestypically require a particular undergraduate degree for admission. However, medical schools do look for students who have successfully completed pre-medical coursework, which includes math, chemistry, biology and physics, Earn a Medical Degree the first two years of a typical medical program are spent in a classroom, taking courses in medical procedure, body systems and disease, among other subjects. During the second half of the program, students compl ete clinical rotations, working with patientsRead MoreElimate Athletic Scholarships1030 Words   |  5 Pagesathlete has an injury or can’t play for any other reason his or her scholarship may no longer be applicable, and that person may see him or herself drifting in any year of their academic life (Levin, 2012). An illustration of that is former Rice University football player Joseph Agnew, who sued NCAA for revoking his scholarship just before his senior year (Levin, 2012). The reasons were that he had been recovering from some injuries and didn’t have much playtime (Levin, 2012). Opposing views may claimRead MoreSeminar 2 Essay example2770 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿ Stockholm University Stockholm Business School Business Ethics Seminar 2 Contextualisation Case 6 Corporate governance of professional football clubs: for profit or for glory? Shadan Abdullah(930514-6541) Per Jonsson (780827-0479) Victor Savigny (902710-P154) Pui Shan Szeto (921026-P500) Omkar Vedpathak (940126-P152) The main stakeholders of football clubs, their stake in the organization and legitimacy of their interests. Some European football clubs have in, approximatelyRead MoreThe National Collegiate Athletic Association1928 Words   |  8 Pagesathletics to play a major role in many universities all over the United States. Athletes that have been playing sports most of their lives, are given the opportunity to continue their playing career during college at a much more competitive and intense level than just intramural sports. The NCAA is broken up into three different divisions: Division I, Division II, and Division III. These divisions are based on the number of athletics programs the university can maintain and the amount of money theyRead MoreGatorade- Marketing Strategies5521 Words   |  23 PagesShare†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..15 New Marketing Strategies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..16 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.18 Works Cited 20 Introduction After long and humid days, dehydration caused many football players to become easily rundown. Therefore, four coaches of a football team collaborated together to create a drink that will help their team players replenish their thirst. The drink was created and tested on freshman players and significant results were sustained. The very nextRead MoreBill Cosby1949 Words   |  8 Pagesthen landed a starring role in the 1960s action show,  I Spy. He later starred in his own series, the  situation comedy  The Bill Cosby Show, in 1969. He was one of the major characters on the  childrens television  series  The Electric Company  for its first two seasons, and created the educational cartoon comedy series  Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids, about a group of young friends growing up in the city. Cosby has also acted in a number of films. During the 1980s, Cosby produced and starred in what isRead MoreRacial Stacking in Football4286 Words   |  18 PagesSocial Constructs Behi nd Racial Stacking and Stereotypes in Football Sport as an institution has seen many of its records and barriers shattered over its countless years of existence. For instance, sport has seen Jackie Robinson break the color barrier in Major League Baseball, and Billie Jean King defeat former champion Bobby Riggs in â€Å"The battle of the sexes†. One barrier that still exists in sports today is racial stacking and stereotyping. The social phenomenon of racial stacking and stereotypingRead MoreRadio Analysis4286 Words   |  18 Pageshistory of radio. After illustrating the most interesting turning points of the development of radio in the past, I will talk about radio news in general, before I will explain specific details about how to write and read a news text for a radio station. The last chapter includes full transcriptions of two radio texts and ‘normal newspaper texts as well as their analyses and comparisons. I will have a look at similarities and differences on radio writing and newspaper language. 2. The History of

Effect On Black-White Wage Differences In Quantity - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Effect On Black-White Wage Differences In Quantity. Answer: Introduction: Education in the largest sense is a curriculum of experience that has significant impact on the mind, character and physical activity of any human being. Education is the method by which society gets communication of collected knowledge, skill and values from one generation to another (Maxwell 1994). Education plays a key role to prepare individuals to step into labour forces as well as maintaining them with the skills to appoint in lifelong learning experiences. Educational attainment usually raises ones income and life styles as well (Martins and Pereira 2004). After finishing formal education, young people should be able to build a successful transition from school to work with the achieved skills and knowledge consequently. Wage variability has to do with the changeability in wages that accumulate to different jobs and various groups of labour in the labour market. The constancy of educational career establish whether wages for this occupation are going to be low or high and will therefore be a source of wage variability. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to estimate the statistically significant relationship between years of education and amount of daily wages. We would like to find out what amount of daily wages is predicted with the help of years of education. Background: Economists are keen to find the relationship between years of education and amount of daily wages. in brief, wages are rampant features in almost all markets especially of capitalist economies (Budra and Moro-Egido 2008). In current days, economists have distinguished variability of wage and trying to explain them. Their pragmatic studies show the evidence that education plays an important role to determine wages and therefore a cause of wage variability. The two factors have cause-effect association in accordance to pre-assigned assumption. In this research report, we are highlighting to validate the link between these two variables with collected 100 samples. We are looking to verify and equalize the evident outcomes. Method: The data file contains 100 observations for each of the variables that are wage and educ. Both the variables are numeric in nature. Wage indicates earnings per hour and Educ. refers years of education. The data is analysed with the help of MS Excel. The Analysis toolpack is installed from analysis toolpack option. We utilised the data analysis tool and incorporated summary statistics as well as linear regression equation with the help of given data sets. Results: Summary Statistics: Descriptive Statistics wage educ Mean 22.3081 Mean 13.76 Standard Error 1.4021437 Standard Error 0.272704 Median 19.39 Median 13 Mode 38.45 Mode 12 Standard Deviation 14.021437 Standard Deviation 2.727044 Sample Variance 196.60071 Sample Variance 7.436768 Kurtosis 2.6065006 Kurtosis 1.317333 Skewness 1.4858281 Skewness 0.440879 Range 72.06 Range 15 Minimum 4.33 Minimum 6 Maximum 76.39 Maximum 21 Sum 2230.81 Sum 1376 Count 100 Count 100 (Oja 1983) The summary statistics of wage indicates that average and standard deviation of wage is 22.3081 and 14.021437. The amount of wage has lowest value 4.33 and highest value 76.39. The range of wage is 72.06. The summary statistics of education indicates that average and standard deviation of years of education is 13.76 and 2.727044. The years of education has lowest value 6 and maximum value 21. The range of years of education is 15. Scatter plot: This is a scatter plot of education vs. wages. Here, years of education are an independent variable and wage is a dependent variable. The years of education are plotted in the x-axis and wage is plotted in the y-axis. The trend line is fitted in the scatter plot. The scatter diagram refers that the two variables are uncorrelated (Neter et al. 1996). The plotted data are not also well concentrated. Linear Regression Model: The linear regression model determines the linear relationship between two or more variables. One variable must be dependent that is known as response variable and predictor or independent variables are one or more than one in number. Independent variables explain the dependent variable. That is why these are also known as explanatory variables. The linear regression model is Y = a + b*X Here, Y = dependent/ response variable X = independent/ predictor variable a = intercept of the regression model b = slope of the regression model / coefficient of the predictor (Zou, Tuncali and Silverman 2003). SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.413051559 R Square 0.17061159 Adjusted R Square 0.162148443 Standard Error 12.83441505 Observations 100 ANOVA df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1 3320.693589 3320.6936 20.15936 1.94674E-05 Residual 98 16142.77655 164.72221 Total 99 19463.47014 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Intercept -6.914787841 6.633894418 -1.0423422 0.299818 -20.07953508 6.249959394 educ 2.123756384 0.473005701 4.4899171 1.95E-05 1.185091988 3.06242078 The predicted intercept of the model is (a = -6.914787841). It explains that if the years of education were 0, then the daily wage would be (-6.914787841) (Montgomery, Peck and Vining 2012). The predicted slope of the model is (b = 2.123756384). It means if the education level enhance or reduce by 1 year, the amount of daily wage is increased or decreased by 2.123756384 units. The pedicted linear regression model is- Wage = (-6.914787841) + 2.123756384*educ. The Multiple R (Correlation Coefficient) of the model is calculated as 0.413051559. It refers a moderately positive correlation between these two variables. The value of multiple R-square is 0.17061159. Multiple R-square is also known the coefficient of variation. Years of education can explain only 17.06% variability of amount of daily wage. The linear association is weak and insignificant. The value of multiple R-square (17.06%) indicates that the fitting of the linear regression model is not good. The F-statistic is 20.15936 with significant p-value 1.94674E-05 (0.0). The p-value is less than 0.05 when chosen level of significance is 0.05. Therefoere, we reject the null hypothesis of statistically significant linear relationship between the dependent variable (wage) and independent variable (education) with 95% probability. We can conclude that there is no significant effect of years of education on the amount of daily wage. Estimation education wage 12 18.5703 14 22.8178 Difference 4.2475 For the years of education 12, the amount of daily wage is predicted as 18.5703. For the years of educational 14, the estimated daily wage is 22.8178. The difference of daily wage is 4.2475 units for the difference of two years of educations. Discussion: In this research report, the outcome mismatches with results of data analysis incorporated by previous economists. The strength of the research is that the gathered data is preliminarily surveyed and valid. The limitation of the data analysis of the research is that the size of the surveyed data is not large. Therefore, the result significantly has fluctuated from the previous outcomes. The process of data collection and sampling are similar to other studies. However, the selected target population may have lots of homogeneity. The outcome is not consistent compared to the other studies. The findings do not have clear policy implications. It is just based on primarily collected data. Our executed analysis definitely have bias. Recommendations: We should recommend the data collector to gather more data for representing the true scenario of relationship between two variables that are years of education and daily wages. The large sample would certainly provide better result. References: Budra, S. and Moro-Egido, A.I., 2008. Education, educational mismatch, and wage inequality: Evidence for Spain.Economics of Education Review,27(3), pp.332-341. Martins, P.S. and Pereira, P.T., 2004. Does education reduce wage inequality? Quantile regression evidence from 16 countries.Labour economics,11(3), pp.355-371. Maxwell, N.L., 1994. The effect on black-white wage differences of differences in the quantity and quality of education.ILR Review,47(2), pp.249-264. Montgomery, D.C., Peck, E.A. and Vining, G.G., 2012.Introduction to linear regression analysis(Vol. 821). John Wiley Sons. Neter, J., Kutner, M.H., Nachtsheim, C.J. and Wasserman, W., 1996.Applied linear statistical models(Vol. 4, p. 318). Chicago: Irwin. Oja, H., 1983. Descriptive statistics for multivariate distributions.Statistics Probability Letters,1(6), pp.327-332. Zou, K.H., Tuncali, K. and Silverman, S.G., 2003. Correlation and simple linear regression.Radiology,227(3), pp.617-628.

The Issue of Pesticide Content in Soft Drinks Essay Example

The Issue of Pesticide Content in Soft Drinks Essay In the August 10, 2006 news article of The Times of India, reports were made that after coming out from a cabinet meeting of the state’s Left Democratic Front (LDF) government, Kerala’s Marxist Achuthanandan said, â€Å"Neither Coke nor Pepsi can manufacture or sell their products in Kerala. Their licenses are being scrapped as well† (Surendran, 2006). Although LDF has been hostile towards the two multinational companies due to the over-extraction of groundwater by their bottling plants in Palakkad, it was the Centre for Science and Environments (CSE) campaign against alleged pesticide residues in colas produced and sold in India by Coke and Pepsi that has influenced the pronouncement. Though the cola producers might have not directly applied pesticide to the crops and instead, the traced pesticide residues might have come from the groundwater as seepage from other plants to which chemical have been applied, the fact remains that there is pesticide in the colas that are being used in Coca Cola production in India. In the latest news regarding traces of pesticides in colas in India, Sunita Naraian, a director of the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) and a New Delhi-based NGO, said that â€Å"the governments own committee had found pesticides in the products† before the Supreme Court. We will write a custom essay sample on The Issue of Pesticide Content in Soft Drinks specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Issue of Pesticide Content in Soft Drinks specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Issue of Pesticide Content in Soft Drinks specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She further maintains that the government must agree to fix a mandatory standard for the drinks (Surendran, 2006). Conclusion In the beginning, soda’s or soft drinks were the natural choice preferred by drinkers because they equated bubbly drinks to wellness of health. But as time progressed, various additions and revisions have been made to soft drinks, which tickled the palates of its drinkers such as changing the sweetening agents and enhancing its appearance and packaging. These are the factors that cannot be found in water which makes millions of its drinkers prefer sodas or soft drinks over water, or any other noncarbonated beverage. Further, too many of its drinkers formed the habit of consuming it because of the addictive properties contained by some of its ingredients, thus resulting in the continuous patronage of the product regardless of the health problems found to have been caused by consuming it. The manufacturing processes involved in the production of sodas or soft drinks have changed in various ways too, from backyard operation to the modern soft drink industry operation. Although primitive to our standards today, the owners back then used to make the final products by themselves and were in close contact with their customers to check for comments or criticisms and to make necessary actions accordingly before the final product is produced. In modern times, the syrup mixture is produced by the soft drink companies and then delivered to the independent bottling companies all over the world that are licensed to sell the drink. One problem that faces the industry and questions the above-explained practices of soft drink companies is the issue of the pesticide residue in colas, which are used to produce soft drinks in India. Since there is no ample supply of safe drinking water in India and companies have to get underground water to supply their production needs, there comes a problem of quality soft drink production. Since underground water is susceptible to pesticide seepage, due in part from the agricultural practices of this region, the ingredients for making soft drinks becomes susceptible to pesticide contamination as well. Here is one specific display of the effects of soft drinks in the food web. Since the primary producers, which are the plants that produce the key ingredients for the soft drinks formula are contaminated by pesticide, so will the soft drinks be affected. These soft drinks will then be consumed by people and in some cases, by pet animals. Since pesticide causes harm to the human body, it can be said that its consumption can be detrimental to human beings as a whole. This is true not only for the case of pesticide content in soft drinks in specific, but also for the other empirically proven problems that soft drink could be causing to the health of human beings such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, liver cirrhosis, osteoporosis, and many more. When human beings incur diseases due to soft drink consumption, or worse when human beings die untimely, a crucial element of the food web is taken away. It could be said that human beings are the largest consumers in the food web. In view of the worse case scenario, take them away from the system and the entire system could collapse. In a more simplistic term, soft drink consumption affects the food web because soft drinks become more preferred substitutes to the natural products of the food web such as milk, water, natural fruit juice, and even for solid food. Thus, when human beings deviate from their natural consumption pattern in terms of the food web because of soft drink consumption, the entire food web could be altered too. On a lighter note, soft drink companies have been aware that people aspire to have a healthy body. Reports linking sodas or soft drinks to obesity and to many other grave diseases are causing concern for both consumers and the makers of soft drinks. These propelled external agents to make guidelines for soft drink production, to which soda or soft drinks companies hope to comply by marketing ‘healthy sodas’. Observably, this is why the trend now is to fortify soft drinks with minerals and vitamins. However, it must still come into question whether or not these healthy options really do eliminate or minimize the negative effects of soft drink consumption in the human body, and thus in the food web too. Whatever warnings concerned organizations give to soft drink consumers against soft drink consumption, it still boils down for the public to decide whether they will continue patronizing and consuming soft drinks or not. And in as much that there has been an advent of the so-called ‘healthy options’ nowadays, there comes a need for people to develop ‘healthy decisions’. References American Association for State and Local History, Society of American Historians (1947). American Heritage. (pp. 11-12). New York, N. Y. : American Heritage Pub. Co. Bellis, M. (2007). The History of Pepsi Cola Caleb Bradham. Retrieved March 31, 2007 from http://inventors. about. com/library/inventors/blpepsi. htm

Tokyo Teleport Town Between Utopia and Reality free essay sample

Nevertheless, the urban growth enhanced by these transformations posed soon many problems – among the most important the land shortage for industrial and residential use. Therefore, since the 1960s, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) started to develop different urban projects, which were supposed to bring an efficient solution to the land shortage as well as to contribute to the decentralization of the Tokyo Metropolis. The ultimate objective of TMGs urban projects was to promote the transition to a balanced and characteristic multi-core urban structure2. According to the Second and Third Long-Term urban plan (1986 and 1990), the development of 7 sub-centers (respectively Ikebukuro, Shinjuku, Shibuya, Osaki, UenoAsakusa, Kinshicho-Kameido and Waterfront Sub-center Teleport Town) was to be promoted. Whereas the 6 former sub-centers were already highly developed, the Tokyo Teleport Town (nicknamed T3), was the imagined catalyst for the multicore urban structure adaptive to the demands of the future3. Thus, the T3 was to become an ideal self-sufficient city, harmonically combining residential, economic, cultural and leisure centers. We will write a custom essay sample on Tokyo Teleport Town: Between Utopia and Reality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because of the highly ambitious and controversial nature of the T3 project, the objective of this paper will be to examine the extent to which this urban and scientific utopia of an ideal city became a reality. As it will be demonstrated through the analysis of the characteristic features of this utopist project (1) and of the impact of the burst of the bubble economy to its construction (2), the Tokyo Teleport Town represents nowadays rather a touristic attraction than an ideal city, similar to the other sub-centers of Tokyo. ) The utopist project of Tokyo Teleport Town After the success of Expo 85 in Tsukuba, dealing with the theme Science and Technology for Man at Home and having attracted over 20 million visitors from 111 countries, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government wanted to enhance the international success of the Tokyo Metropolis. Therefore, in the early 1990s, the Tokyo governor Shunichi Suzuki initiated an ambitious waterfront development project having for objective to rais e the Tokyo Teleport Town on the artificial island of Odaiba as a showcase of futuristic living. The whole project was supposed to be completed in 1996 in order to host the international urban exposition World City Expo Tokyo 96 also called Tokyo Frontier. According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, The Tokyo Teleport Town project is preparing Tokyo to become a 21st century international metropolis for the futures advanced information oriented society [ ] Plans call for it to be a highly futuristic city with advanced telecommunications technology that will provide outstanding links to business centers around the globe 4 Thus, the T3 was supposed to be more than a showcase project destined for an International Exposition. It was supposed to become a self-sufficient city harmonically combining commercial, residential and cultural centers hosting approximately 60 000 residents and working population overlapping 100 000. According to the plans, when finished, this new city was expected to be oneand- a half times the size of the Shinjuku district. Moreover, the T3 was planned to function as Japan’s main international communication gateway, providing the Japanese metropolis with high 1 KUNIKO, Fujita. A World City and Flexible Specialization: Restructuring of the Tokyo Metropolis, in Internaitonal Journal of Urban and Regional Research, volume 15, Issue 2. , June 1991 2 Tokyo Metropolitan Governments statement, 1994, p. 46 3 4 GOTZE, John. Participatry Design in an Urban Context, PhD-thesis URL: http://gotze. dk/phd/index. html Quote from TTC Homepage, September 1995 Page 2 Tokyo Teleport Town: between utopia and reality Simona Kalikova quality office spaces as well as many other centers for economic, financial, academic and cultural international exchanges. As the name of Teleport Town reveals, the insular city was supposed to be well connected with the rest of Tokyo which would allow it to become a real dynamic sub-center of the Metropolis. Nevertheless, those plans were made in times when the Japanese bubble economy still had a healthy appearance and attracted many foreign investors. Unfortunately, the burst of the economic bubble in the early 90s had a fatal impact to the realization of the ideal city. ) The burst of the bubble economy and its impact on the development of T3 The Japanese bubble economy based on real estate speculation burst in 1991. This collapse caused a general stagnation of the commercial and urban development in Tokyo, but its impact was most severe on large, costly construction projects as the Tokyo Teleport Town. The burst of the Japanese price bubble caused bankrupt of many of the special private companies set up to develop the island and therefore, by 1995, Odaiba was a virtual wasteland, under populated and full of vacant and unfinished constructions. Because of the public dissatisfaction with the project as well as the inconvenient location of Odaiba (the Teleport city was not able to meet its objectives, as its connection to Tokyo – the Rainbow Bridge and the Yurikamome rapid transit line- were seen as time-consuming and thus did not encourage a proper delocalization of business activities), the Suzukis successor – Aoshima Yukiohalted the plan in 1995 and canceled the World City Expo Tokyo 96. By this time, over 1 trillion Japanese yen had been spent on the project. After the end of the lost decade and the progressive economic recovery, the development of Odaiba slowly continued on project to project basis and in the late 1990s, the area started to come back to life as a tourist and leisure zone. Several attractions such as the Palette Town, Miraikan (Japans National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation) or the Daikanransha (115-meters high Ferris-Wheel) were progressively constructed on the island as well as many shopping malls and leisure-activity centers. Moreover, some large companies, as for example the Fuji Television, relocated their headquarters to Odaiba, developing thus not only to the touristic, but also economic attractiveness of the island. This joint development of the artificial island contributed to the fact that in the late 2000s, Odaiba was ranked 12th among 70 most interesting places to visit in Tokyo by the Japan-guide. com. Conclusion Despite the ambitious plans, the burst of the economic bubble in the early 1990s caused that the utopist urban project of Tokyo Teleport Town did not become an ideal city for multifunctional human activity, but rather a touristic attraction. Even if many Tokyo residents as well as tourists coming from many foreign countries enjoy the visit of Odaiba, the island is more a place of transit than a place of living. Thus, Odaiba remains a place where many untouched areas are still waiting to be developed and many buildings are waiting to be constructed and populated. Word count: 1150) 5 http ://www. japan-guide. com/e/e3008. html Page 3 Tokyo Teleport Town: between utopia and reality Simona Kalikova Bibliography: ? ? ? ? PERNICE, Raffaelle. The Issue of Tokyo Bay’s Reclaimed Lands as the Origin of Urban Utopias in Modern Japanese Architecture, in AIJ Journal of Architecture and Planning, N. 267, March 2007, pp. 259-266 SHIOZAKI, Yoshimitsu. Residential Environment of Housing Estates on Artificial Islands, in: AIJ Journal of Architectural Planning and Engineering, No. 72, June 1995 KUNIKO, Fujita. A World City and Flexible Specialization: Restructuring of the Tokyo Metropolis, in International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, volume 15, Issue 2. , June 1991 CYBRIWSKY, Roman. Historical Dictionary of Tokyo, in Historical Dictionaries of Cities of the World, Scarecrow Press (United States), 1996 Sitography: ? PERNICE, Raffaelle. Modern Japanese Waterfront Developments Global vs. Local, IV Ajman Urban Planning Conference, 29th-31st March 2010, Ajman, United Arab Emirates, 2010 URL: http://www. cademia. edu/1554508/Modern_Japanese_Waterfront_Developments_-_Global_vs. _Local GOTZE, John. Participatory Design in an Urban Context, PhD-thesis URL: http://gotze. dk/phd/index. html BRESNAHAN, Jennifer. Teleports – Well-connected in Tokyo, in CIO, April 1 1996 URL : http://books. google. co. jp/books? id=iwcAAAAAMBAJpg=PA20lpg=PA20dq=tokyo+telepo rt+town+construction+problemssource=blots=PKshwCfeYOsig=zKD75mNsiymxfL_OENrsh6Jeshl=cssa=Xei=ZzsYUaz9BYqGlAWK0YGYCAredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false ? ? Page 4

Responsibilities of an Expert Witnesses

Responsibilities of an Expert Witnesses Free Online Research Papers The following memorandum is provided explain your duties and responsibilities as an expert witness appearing in the Supreme Court of Victoria. Below I have refereed to the relevant provisions contained in the Supreme Court Rules, Practice Notes, Codes of Conduct (all of which are attached) as well as numerous common law examples in order to provide you with a general overview of your expectations and responsibilities as an expert witness. Expertise Rule The court requires that as an expert witness, you posses the relevant qualifications and experience necessary to demonstrate that you are an expert in the subject in which you are being asked to express an opinion, (refer to Order 44.01 Supreme Court (General civil procedure) Rules 2005 for a definition of â€Å"expert.†). Experts obtain a privileged position among witnesses in the court system. They are allowed to present specialist evidence in the form of opinion in much broader circumstances than the lay witness. This is so long as the opinion is bona fide, or involves a matter squarely falling within the expert’s expertise. In addition to this, it is vital to ensure that your observations do not cross your barrier of expertise. I refer you to the cases of Peisley v R (1990) and R v MacKenney Pinfold(1983), in which an expert opinion was dismissed for this very reason. Furthermore, in Duke Group Ltd v Pilmer (1998) , Mullighan J was very critical of the expertis e of an accountant on the basis that he had never been called upon to value businesses such as merchant banking or insurance broking (relevant in this case), nor had he practiced as an accountant in such businesses. This led him to conclude that the accountant involved did not warrant sufficient expertise in regards to the issue in which he was offered as an expert witness. Therefore, please ensure that you do not discuss issues that evidently fall outside the scope of what the court would consider you to be qualified. This rule was well summed up in R v Beland (1987) who stated that â€Å"the function of an expert is to provide for the jury proved facts in a field in which the expert witness possesses special knowledge and experience going beyond that of the trier of fact.† It is also worth noting that no scope exists for expert evidence where an ordinary person is capable of forming a correct view on a particular subject. For example, it is obvious that the court would not require an expert accountant like yourself to add and subtract simple number values. Acting Impartially As an expert witness, there are various roles that you, or the party retaining you, may wish to adopt. However, the Code of Conduct, Form 44A(1) states that those who are engaged as an expert witness have a paramount obligation to assist the court, rather than the party retaining them (see also s.11.2 Practice Note 2004) I therefore advise that you refrain from misrepresenting your expertise in order to assist the party to which you have been appointed, often refereed to as a â€Å"hired gun.† Conceivably, someone who misguidedly believes that his/her duty is to adopt an ethical stance for their own, or for their parties, private purpose, may embrace the â€Å"hired gun† role. However, whilst a lawyer may have a duty to argue for a standpoint he or she does not personally believe in, this is completely contrary to the role of an expert witness. It should be clear by now that the only role suitable to adopt as an expert witness is that of an educator. This involves providing the court and the jury with the appropriate knowledge and information relevant to the particular case in which the ordinary person would be unacquainted. An issue often raised by expert witnesses relates to the extent to which a legal party may assist in forming their expert opinions and assumptions. The foremost principal is for the expert witness to ensure that their independence is not at any stage undermined. I refer you to the case of Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd v Sharman Licence Holdings Ltd (2005), which involved a solicitor amending the draft report provided to him by an expert witness. An investigation of this claim led to Wilcox J concluding that the expert was willing to concede his independence for the sake of the party retaining him, therefore forbidding the expert’s opinion to be relied on in any contentious matter. Please note that providing your solicitor with a draft report to ensure that no facts or assumptions have been falsely relied on is, by all means, acceptable. Due to the above statements, I strongly advise that regardless of any pressure placed on you from a legal party, you uphold your independence at all times. If not, the court is likely to identify any bias through further expert reports from the opposing party or during cross-examination. The court may also order that the opposing party be entitled to all notes, drafts and emails between the expert and the legal team retaining them in order to determine whether the independence of the expert has been undermined. In addition to this, the expert shall disclose any bias or conflict of interest that may arise. If the above advice is ignored, it may inevitably lead to your credibility and reputation as a future expert witness being severely tarnished. Should any doubt arise in the above matter, I advise that you ask yourself the question, would my expert opinion have been unaffected had the opposing party retained my expert knowledge to enhance their case? If the answer is no, then you must seriously consider your credibility as an expert witness. Reports and Conference Order 44.03(2), s11.3, Form 44A(3) of the Supreme Court Rules, Practice Notes and Codes of Conduct (respectively) each contain provisions stating that an expert witness is to submit a report stating their opinion no later than 30 days before the trial. Along with providing your name, address and qualifications, the report must acknowledge that the code of conduct has been read and adhered to. If such acknowledgement is absent, the expert evidence will be deemed invalid. The fundamental aspect of the expert report requires that you state the facts and assumptions on which each opinion is based. It is imperative that the provisions mentioned above and stated in the attachments are vigilantly abided by. This is as s44.05 of the Supreme Court (General civil procedure) Rules 2005 disallows any further evidence (except by leave of the court, consent by affected parties or through cross-examination) to be heard during the trial unless contained within the report. If an expressed opinion in the report is inaccurate, incomplete or not a concluded opinion (due insufficient research or data, etc), this must be stated via a declaration to be included in the report. This is as Judges will no longer accept an expert opinion without a critical and independent evaluation. If, for a variety of different reasons, the report is amended by the expert at any stage of the proceeding, that change of opinion is to be made known to the party which has retained your services and ,when appropriate, to the court. Order 44.06, s11.6 and Form 44A(5) of the Supreme Court Rules, Practice Notes and Codes of Conduct (respectively) contain provisions allowing the court to direct all expert witnesses involved in a case to confer before the trail. I highly recommend that you familiarise yourself with these provisions, as a conference is most likely to be ordered if 2 or more expert opinions are obtained. The experts participating in the conference are required to provide a joint report detailing matters in which they agree, disagree and a summary of the reasons for disagreement. It is vital that all experts in attendance of the conference are acting independently, without any influential assistance from either party involved in the trial (refer to s.11.6(a) and (b) of the Practice Notes attached). Legal representatives shall only play a role in the conference if directed by the court. I refer you to the case of Phosphate Co-operative Co. of Australia Pty Ltd v Shears (1989). This case involved seve ral expert accountants that remained in frequent contact with their legal representatives, and were thus prepared to alter their expert opinions in a favourable fashion towards the party retaining them. Due to this, the expert reports were not permitted as suitable evidence to be admitted in the trial. While this case involved the expert accountants being influenced in their report writing rather than during a conference, the primary principal derived from the case was that care needs to be taken to ensure that the independence of the expert is not unlawfully violated at any time. The basis rule and awareness of the facts The facts upon which an expert opinion is based must be available for scrutiny by the Courts. It is not expected that a court act upon an opinion, the basis for which is not explained by the witness expressing it. For an experts view to contain value, the court expects that the facts of their opinion be proved by acceptable means or to state unequivocally the presumptions as to the facts on which the opinion is based. This point was highlighted by Priestley JA in Makita (Australia) Pty Ltd v Sprowles (2001) who stated that â€Å"the expert must either prove by admissible ways the facts on which the opinion is based, or state unambiguously the assumption as to the fact on which the opinion is based. For example, Bugg v Day (1949) involved an expert witness being criticised as he reached a conclusion in regards to the speed of a vehicle without the necessary data. Furthermore, it is imperative that the expert witness, either through the party retaining them or some other means, be educated and informed in relation to the facts and circumstances of the case. The above notion was discussed in Makita (Australia) Pty Ltd v Sprowles (2001) and Ronchi v Portland Smelter Services (2005) (which I strongly recommend for further discussion on the following issues). These cases raised the issue of the expert being able to identify the facts of the case relied upon in order to form their opinion. For example, the Full Federal Court in Arnotts Ltd v Trade Practices Commission (1990) stated that Dr Williams, appearing as an expert witness, failed to identify the facts of the case in which his opinion was based. This is as other material presented in the case, in which Dr Williams may not have been aware of, may have altered his expert opinion if they were known. Further, Eames J.A stated in Ronchi that the court does not require the expert to reveal wh at they were told in order to determine its truth, rather it is to identify how the expert reached his/her opinion. Before the court can assess the value of an opinion, it must know the facts upon which it is based. If the expert has been misinformed about the facts or has taken irrelevant facts into consideration, the opinion is likely to be insignificant. Therefore, it is crucial that as an expert witness, you familiarise yourself with the facts of the case, in order for the court to be able to distinguish on what basis the expert opinion is founded. At this stage it is worth noting that an expert witness is not to express his/her opinion on the very question on which the court itself is obliged to decide. The expert cannot give an opinion as to the ultimate fact that the court has to decide. Put simply, judges decide case, not experts. Read in conjunction with the attachments I have included (which I urge that you read and familiarise yourself with), this memorandum shall provide you with the knowledge of the duties that an expert witness owes to the Supreme Court. If you wish to further discuss any of the issues raised, I would advise that you contact the legal party that has retained your services. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cairns B Australian Civil Procedure 6th edition Pyrmont NSW (2005). Freckleton I, Hugh S Expert Evidence; law, practice procedure and advocacy (2005) Lawbook.Co, NSW Gillies H. Law of Evidence in Australia. Pyrmont, NSW (2003) Golvan G, Each to their own: Addressing the problem of expert witnesses partially (2006) 80(9) Law Institute Journal. Walters J.M Expert Witnesses that make a difference, Law Society of Western Australia (1997). Websites www.austlii.com.au Legislation Supreme Court (General civil procedure) rules (2005). Supreme Court (General civil procedure) rules (2005), Codes of Conduct. Supreme Court of Victoria â€Å"Practice Note No.4 of 2004† Commercial List. Cases (where primary legal source has been cited) Makita (Australia) Pty Ltd v Sprowles (2001)52 NSWLR 705 Ronchi v Portland Smelter Services (2005) VSCA 83 Research Papers on Responsibilities of an Expert WitnessesCapital PunishmentUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Project Managment Office SystemPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseQuebec and CanadaThree Concepts of PsychodynamicDefinition of Export Quotas

Letter To A Congressman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Letter To A Congressman - Essay Example America spends approximately 86% in addressing the chronic diseases (CDC, 2015). By designating the current position of the Chief Nurse Officer as the National Nurse for Public Health, the bill facilitates the nurses to focus their education in educating the public on the methods of making notable improvements in their health status. Olsen et al (2009) underscores the significance of education in healthcare. The bill supports outreach and education programs (Congress.Gov, 2015). The position of national nurse officer will augment the advocacy efforts that seek to address the changing needs of the dynamic health care systems in the United States. Many citizens require excellent care for the terminal and chronic diseases, and the bill will strengthen the role of nurses to offer timely and quality care. Once again, I fully support the National Nurse Act of 2015, and will do everything to ensure the bill achieves its objectives once approved and passed into a law. I am confident that the approval of the bill will model a truly collaborative health care in the United